The Islamic calendar starts with the Hijra (or Hegira) in 622 AD, when Muhammad (p.b.u.H) and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecutions. Unlike the Gregorian (or Julian) calendar which is based on solar months, the Islamic calendar is based on lunar months; One turn of the moon around the earth is one year.
In the Islamic calendar there are 12 months: Muharram (Muharrem in Turkish), Safar (Sefer), Rabi' al-awwal (Rabiyülevvel), Rabi' al-thani (Rabiyülahir), Jumada al-awwal (Cemaziyülevvel), Jumada al-thani (Cemaziyülahir), Rajab (Recep), Sha'aban (Şaban), Ramadan (Ramazan), Shawwal (Şevval), Dhu al-Qi'dah (Zilkaade), Dhu al-Hijjah (Zilhicce). Each of these months are about 29,5 days long and thus one year is completed with 354 days. Therefore, six of the months are considered 29 days, and the other six 30 days, alternated of course. In order to define which one will be 29 days and which one 30, the moon phases are considered.
But the real Lunar month is exactly 44 minutes and 3 seconds longer than 29,5 days, so that makes each year of 354 days 8 hours 48 minutes 36 seconds. Every 30 years this difference will cumulate and will be 11 days 0 hours 18 minutes 0 seconds. Therefore, in order to synchronize the gap, in a 30-year period there will be a total of 19 years which will be 354 days long and other total of 11 years will be 355 days long (leap years). During the leap years, this extra day is added to the last month of the year (Dhu al-Hijjah month). Making these adjustments, time and day differences are synchronized, and only every 2400 years you have to add one extra day to the year.
The average length of an Islamic year is calculated from the day's distribution over the years: (19x354 + 11x355) / 30 = 354 days 8 hours 48 minutes. The solar calendar we use today is approximately 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes long, so a lunar calendar is 10 days 21 hours shorter. According to this, 1 lunar year = 0,9702 solar year, or 1 solar year = 1,0307 lunar year. And because the Hijra was on 15th of July 622, there is a phase difference of 621,536 years between these two calendars. For example, if you'd like to find to what date the 1st of January 2008 equals in the Islamic calendar, you should do: (2007 - 621,536) x l,0307 = 1427,9977. It means that 1427 years have already passed from Hijra so it will be the year 1428. Of course, this calculation was made based to January 1st 2008 and the math gave us the number 1427,9977 (almost 1428). When we come to our times, until 18th of July 2023 it's the year 1444 of Hijra. Starting from 19th of July 2023, the Hijra year will be 1445.
The Islamic calendar is also named as Muslim calendar, Hicri calendar, and Qamari (Kameri) calendar in different parts of the Islamic world. It's used by Muslims to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holidays and important religious days. Since a lunar year is 11 days shorter than the solar year, Islamic holidays shift 11 days earlier each solar year. For example, in 2023 Ramadan holiday (Eid-ul-Fitr) started on April 21st, then in 2024 on April 10th, then in 2025 on March 30th, then in 2026 on March 20th, then in 2027 on March 9th, and so on. In Turkey we use Julian calendar which was implemented in 1925 during the reforms of Ataturk.